Advancing global standards: Integrating policies for effective management of contaminated sites in India

Contaminated sites (CS) pose a significant threat to human and environmental health, often containing a complex mixture of harmful chemicals. Effective management of these sites is critical, particularly in Global South countries like India, as they strive to meet net-zero emissions targets and fulfill their climate commitments. Although India officially lists only 103 CS as of March 2025, the vast size of the country and its numerous industrial activities suggest that the actual number is likely much higher. We advocate for a comprehensive assessment of CS, especially since many of them are in densely populated areas. In this paper, we outline the challenges associated with CS management in India, primarily stemming from fragmented and overlapping environmental policies. This perspective underscores the urgent need for comprehensive reform in CS management strategies through the integration of existing environmental policies at the sectoral, organizational, and institutional levels. By harmonizing these policies, we can improve data collection on CS, develop a centralized database of reported chemicals, and create a user-friendly portal for information access. Additionally, we highlight the importance of public engagement and capacity-building initiatives to raise awareness and encourage community-based monitoring of CS. Successful implementation of these reforms will require robust financial support from governmental, public, and private sectors. Therefore, we call for the urgent integration of fragmented policies and adherence to regulations by industries and the public to enhance overall efficiency and transparency in CS management. These efforts will contribute to broader global sustainability objectives. • India’s multi-sectoral CS governance presents opportunities for policy integration. • Global models from the US, Switzerland, and Australia offer transferable lessons. • A CS-MAR model integrates data, risk tools, legal reforms, and community roles. • Digital mapping and citizen science improve transparency in site management. • Coordinated CS governance is key to environmental justice and climate resilience.