A case of relapsing polychondritis: a diagnostic challenge in recurrent cartilaginous inflammation and hearing loss—A case report

INTRODUCTION: Relapsing polychondritis is a rare, systemic autoimmune condition characterized by recurrent inflammation of cartilaginous tissues. Its symptoms are often nonspecific and can lead to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment. This case report emphasizes the need for clinicians to recognize the potential for relapsing polychondritis in patients presenting with recurrent episodes of cartilaginous inflammation and sudden hearing loss, as early intervention is crucial in preventing irreversible damage. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient, a 24-year-old Ethiopian male, presented with a history of recurrent ocular symptoms, including red eyes and nasal issues such as bloody tinged discharge and septal perforation. Accompanying symptoms included a dry, intermittent cough, shallow breathing, and chest pain. Each episode was managed effectively with a short course of oral or topical corticosteroids, alongside antihistamines and antibiotics. Despite these interventions, the patient later developed bilateral aural perichondritis, followed by a sudden onset of severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. A comprehensive clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations were conducted to confirm the diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis. CONCLUSION: This case underscores the critical importance of considering relapsing polychondritis in patients with recurrent cartilaginous inflammation and sudden hearing loss. The patient's delayed diagnosis led to permanent hearing impairment, highlighting the necessity for heightened awareness and prompt treatment to mitigate the potential for lasting consequences. Early recognition and management of relapsing polychondritis can significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life.