Mid-Term Comparison of N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate, Endovenous Laser Ablation, and Radiofrequency Ablation for Chronic Venous Insufficiency

= 0.595). NBCA had the shortest procedure time (11.9 ± 1.3 min), lowest pain scores (VAS 1.2 ± 0.9), and fastest return to activities (1.1 ± 0.3 days), whereas EVLA showed higher pain scores (VAS 3.3 ± 1.7) and longer recovery (1.7 ± 0.8 days). VCSS improved significantly in all groups at 12 months, with no differences at 24-36 months. Complication rates were low (13.3%), with one deep vein thrombosis in the EVLA group.ConclusionsNBCA, EVLA, and RFA provide effective mid-term occlusion and clinical improvement in CVI. NBCA offers shorter procedure time, lower pain, and faster recovery, while RFA ensures durable outcomes with good tolerance. EVLA remains effective with slightly longer recovery. Technique selection may be guided by clinical context and patient preference.