Kinetic evaluation of the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation process for 2-phenylthiolane extraction from jasmine flowers

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) presents an effective substitute to traditional extraction techniques in the isolation of bioactive compounds from plant materials. However, limited kinetic data exist on the extraction behavior of 2-phenylthiolane from jasmine flowers using MAHD, and the underlying mass-transfer mechanisms remain insufficiently explored. This work investigates the kinetic models of 2-phenylthiolane extraction from jasmine blossoms using MAHD under varying conditions of time, microwave power levels, and solid-to-liquid ratios. Among the models examined, the second-order kinetic model had the highest accuracy (R 2 = 0.976), outperforming the first-order model and providing the best description of the two distinct extraction stages the rapid washing phase and the slower diffusion phase. Optimal extraction conditions were observed at 400 W microwave power and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.5 g/20 mL. The findings from this study show that following the second-order kinetic model, 2-phenylthiolane extraction can be precisely regulated, scaled up for industrial production, and the product quality and yield can be monitored and controlled for pharmaceutical applications. The study also contributes to advancing economical and environmentally friendly production techniques. All things considered, this model provides a strong basis for developing bioactive component extraction via MAHD, stimulating green technology innovation, and improving the economic feasibility of natural product recovery.