Stapler Pin FSS Embedded Fractal Antenna for Brain Tumor Detection

Abstract In this study, a fractal antenna integrated with a cardboard stapled frequency selective surface (FSS) is designed for broadband operation. The dimensions of the stapler pins used in constructing the FSS control the electromagnetic response of the antenna. Two types of staple pin FSS have been investigated ‐ one with higher dimensions and the other with lower dimensions. The big pin FSS shows strong resonance at 4.97 GHz, while operating from 2.4 to 8.6 GHz with a peak gain of 6.7 dBi at 5 GHz. The small pin FSS exhibits minimum return loss at 7.07 GHz, while operating from 3.4 to 11.5 GHz, with a peak gain of 7 dBi at 5 GHz. The proposed antenna with 1g average SAR lower than 0.1 W/Kg, presents a viable option for biomedical and wearable applications, especially in brain phantom settings in which controlled resonance and wideband operation are crucial. Prototypes of the wearable antenna and FSS have been fabricated and measured. Presence of tumor is predicted from the reconstructed image using confocal and MDAS (Multiply Delay and Sum) algorithm using gradient descent optimisation. The ground penetrating radar (GPR) algorithm has been implemented to detect the depth of the brain tumor.