Photodynamic larvicidal activity of magnesium chlorophyllin and magnesium chlorophyllin zinc oxide nanocomposite against Spodoptera frugiperda with non-target safety assessment

, respectively. Both tested compounds exhibited a strong binding affinity to CXE22 and SfGSTe9, leading to significant alterations in CXEs activity and GSTs activity in correspondence with the oxidative stress and contributing to larval mortality. In parallel, both compounds exhibited very low toxicity on C. carnea. Overall, these findings support that Mg-Chl and Mg-Chl-ZnO NC could be used as alternative approaches to synthetic pesticides for the management of S. frugiperda.