The multi-target cardiac protection mechanism of butylphthalide and AI-driven precision medicine: From molecular basis to clinical translation

Butylphthalide (NBP) is a lipophilic small-molecule drug characterized by its multi-target and multi-pathway regulatory properties. Initially employed in the treatment of ischemic stroke, recent studies have highlighted its significant protective effects in cardiovascular conditions such as myocardial ischemia, reperfusion injury, and heart failure. The pharmacological mechanisms of NBP encompass various dimensions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, as well as the maintenance of mitochondrial function, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and anti-fibrotic properties. With advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and systems pharmacology, researchers can leverage network pharmacology, multi-omics integration, virtual screening, and digital twin technologies to thoroughly investigate its target mechanisms and individual variability. This approach enhances the efficiency of mechanism elucidation and facilitates clinical translation. Looking ahead, NBP is anticipated to enable personalized cardiac protection therapy with AI support, representing a novel paradigm for multi-target cardiovascular drugs within the "drug + intelligence" integration framework.