A zero-knowledge enabled dynamic sharding architecture for scalable decentralized smart contract execution in IOT environments

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and IoT environment require decentralized platforms that can support a high number of transactions and provide high security and privacy assurance. This study suggests a reputation-aware, zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) based, dynamically sharded smart contract system that is able to process scalable and privacy-preserving transactions. The suggested architecture highly incorporates dynamic sharding, ZKP-based verification, decentralized smart contracts and reputation-based selection of leaders to jump over the scalability, trusting and performance limitations of traditional blockchain systems. There are also extensive experimental assessments that occur within 100-1000 transactions per second (tps) and batch sizes of 10, 30, 50, and 100. Findings indicate that the given framework demonstrates the ability to scale throughput linearly to about 1000 tps, and Enhanced Fabric and Ethereum reach throughput saturation at 140-150 and 15-20 tps, respectively. The proposed system has an average latency of less than 500 ms at an arrival rate of 1000 tps whereas at the same rate, baseline approaches have a latency of over 8000 ms with larger batch sizes. The success rate of the transaction is always above 97, which is due to the isolation of reputation and adaptive scheduling of shards. Moreover, the framework decreases 40-50% and 45-50% the computation overhead and the cost of communication respectively, over heavyweight baseline schemes. These results show that the synergistic implementation of ZKP, dynamic sharding, decentralized smart contracts, and reputation-aware control are a scalable solution with high throughput IoT and IoV applications that is efficient and secure.