Why Multi-Agent Systems Need Coalition-Level Governance Records: Why logs and audit trails are no longer enough — and what coalition-level governance records must contain.

Most AI governance frameworks still rely on logs, audit trails, agent-level traces, and per-agent compliance checks. These tools assume that agents are the meaningful unit of governance. This paper explains why multi-agent systems require coalition-level governance records — and what those records must contain. A coalition-level governance record is not a log. It is not an audit trail. It is a substrate-level artifact that make accountability possible in multi-agent systems.