Effectiveness of a mentalisation-based Virtual Reality group intervention: A randomised controlled trial

Background Professional caregivers face challenges when working with people with intellectual disabilities. One valuable means of support is to invest in professional training opportunities focused on mentalisation, which can be practiced in Virtual Reality (VR) environments. This study examined the effectiveness and social validity of a newly developed mentalisation-based VR group intervention. Methods In a randomised controlled trial, 174 students participated. In the experimental group, students interacted with Simon, a virtual client representing a person with an intellectual disability, followed by a short reflection moment in group. In the control group, a mentalisation-focused lesson was offered. At pre- and post-test, participants filled out questionnaires concerning mentalisation, self-efficacy, and social validity. Results The intention-to-treat analysis (ITT) showed no significant differences regarding mentalisation and self-efficacy between the experimental and control group. Additionally, a supportive per-protocol analysis (PP) was conducted on 73 participants who adhered to the protocol. The PP analysis revealed a significant time-by-group interaction effect for reflective functioning. In terms of social validity, participants reported positive expectations and experiences regarding the VR intervention. Conclusions Although inconsistent adherence may have affected the generalisability of the results, the PP results offer valuable insights into the intervention's effectiveness among those who actually followed the study as intended. Further research regarding factors not included in the current study, such as motivation and degree of immersion, is needed to better understand the effectiveness of the VR intervention.