The global impact of bacterial antimicrobial resistance: addressing gaps and future strategies

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the most pressing threats to public health worldwide. According to the Global Burden of Disease 2021 report, AMR was linked to 4.71 million deaths, of which 1.14 million were directly caused by bacterial resistance. The impact is not felt equally, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) carrying the greatest burden due to weak health systems, limited diagnostics, and widespread misuse of antibiotics in both healthcare and agriculture. Self-medication and poor regulatory oversight further accelerate the crisis. This article explores these challenges and stresses the urgent need for a coordinated “One Health” approach that connects human, animal, and environmental health. Strengthening surveillance, investing in new antibiotics, and promoting responsible use through stewardship programs and community awareness are critical steps forward. Without decisive global action, AMR could claim over 8 million lives each year by 2050; yet, with timely interventions, especially in LMICs, up to 92 million deaths could be prevented, protecting future generations from its devastating consequences.