Mediating effects of student-perceived instructional practices in the digital gaming—reading performance relationship: a multilevel analysis of PISA 2018

Introduction: as distinct forms of instructional practice, with teacher stimulation conceptualized as an autonomy-supportive instructional practice based on self-determination theory. Methods: ) variables. Measurement invariance was evaluated across country, world cultural region, and teacher training standards classifications to examine the cross-group comparability of the instructional-practice measures. Results: Results indicate that digital gaming is negatively associated with reading achievement. However, teacher stimulation for reading engagement shows a positive mediating effect, suggesting that autonomy-supportive instructional practices may mitigate the negative association between digital gaming and reading performance. In contrast, teacher feedback and teacher support exhibit weak or negative mediation effects, suggesting that more traditional instructional practices may be associated with less favorable indirect pathways in relation to digital gaming and reading achievement. Discussion: Overall, the findings demonstrate that instructional practices differ in their motivational significance and highlight the role of autonomy-supportive stimulation in shaping reading outcomes in contexts where digital gaming is a common out-of-school activity.