The role of peripheral blood HIF-1α in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance among patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Importance: Elucidating the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and improving clinical risk assessment. Objective: To evaluate associations between protein expression level of HIF-1α in peripheral blood and key glycemic parameters-fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FINS), and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)-in patients with T2DM. Data sources: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science (WOS), Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed) were searched from inception to July 28, 2025, for Chinese and English publications. Study selection: Observational studies examining the relationship between HIF-1α levels and glycemic outcomes in T2DM populations. Data extraction and synthesis: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using AHRQ criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main outcomes and measures: Differences in FPG, HbA1c, FINS, and HOMA-IR between high and low HIF-1α groups with T2DM. Results: = 0.0105). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Conclusion: Elevated peripheral HIF-1α levels correlate with impaired β-cell function and increased insulin resistance. The discordance between elevated systemic levels and known tissue-specific reductions suggests that peripheral HIF-1α may reflect a compensatory response to hypoxia rather than a primary driver of T2DM pathogenesis. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251118501, CRD420251118501.