Inference-Time Epistemic Quarantine for LLM Hallucination Containment

Large language models produce confident but factually incorrect outputs. Existing mitigation strategies operate at training time or as post-hoc filters. None address a specific failure mode: once a hallucinated claim enters a multi-step reasoning chain, it propagates. We introduce the Cognitive Immune System (CIS), a five-layer inference-time architecture that intercepts this propagation using NLI-based Wikipedia verification (DeBERTa-v3) and causal DAG memory. We prove a Containment Depth Bound: k* = ceil(log(epsilon)/log(1-rho)) sequential checkpoints guarantee contamination escape probability below any target. On HotpotQA with adversarial semantic injection (N=200): 12% detection rate, 7% false positive rate. Wiki-only ablation: 22% detection at 0% false positives. Primary bottleneck identified: semantic drift between injected contamination and LLM-paraphrased claims. Code: github.com/MALIKSAAD-dev/cognitive-immune-system

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-04-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19491736
Primary Topic
Artificial Immune Systems Applications
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article
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article

Inference-Time Epistemic Quarantine for LLM Hallucination Containment

Muhammad Saad
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Artificial Immune Systems Applications
article

Inference-Time Epistemic Quarantine for LLM Hallucination Containment

Muhammad Saad
article en

Abstract

Large language models produce confident but factually incorrect outputs. Existing mitigation strategies operate at training time or as post-hoc filters. None address a specific failure mode: once a hallucinated claim enters a multi-step reasoning chain, it propagates. We introduce the Cognitive Immune System (CIS), a five-layer inference-time architecture that intercepts this propagation using NLI-based Wikipedia verification (DeBERTa-v3) and causal DAG memory. We prove a Containment Depth Bound: k* = ceil(log(epsilon)/log(1-rho)) sequential checkpoints guarantee contamination escape probability below any target. On HotpotQA with adversarial semantic injection (N=200): 12% detection rate, 7% false positive rate. Wiki-only ablation: 22% detection at 0% false positives. Primary bottleneck identified: semantic drift between injected contamination and LLM-paraphrased claims. Code: github.com/MALIKSAAD-dev/cognitive-immune-system

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Institute of Space Technology (PK)
Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Openalex Percentile: Top 19%
Artificial Immune Systems Applications
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Inference-Time Epistemic Quarantine for LLM Hallucination Containment — Muhammad Saad · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS