Glycolytic reprogramming and immune responses in macrophages: a crosstalk driven by bacterial infection

/NADH ratio that balances inflammasome activation against interferon responses. The review further explores how metabolites like lactate, succinate, and itaconate mediate immunomodulation through novel post-translational modifications, including histone lactylation and protein succinylation. Crucially, we analyze how diverse bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploit these metabolic networks for immune evasion. By integrating recent advances in host immunometabolism with bacterial pathogenesis, this work not only deciphers critical molecular dialogues at the host-pathogen interface but also identifies novel targetable pathways, offering a conceptual framework for developing innovative therapeutic strategies against persistent and antibiotic-resistant infections.