Ultrathin tungsten films enabling enhanced electrical response to spin currents
Abstract The efficient detection of spin currents is crucial for the development of next-generation spintronic devices. Here, we demonstrate that ultrathin W layers, with thicknesses down to 2 nm—equivalent to only four atomic planes—allow for highly efficient spin-to-charge conversion. From spin pumping experiments in YIG/W bilayers, we analyzed the inverse spin Hall effect (SHE) voltage dependence on W thickness and extracted a spin Hall conductivity of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.14</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , yielding effective spin Hall angles ranging from <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.27</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.88</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> over the investigated thickness range. Furthermore, assuming the Elliott–Yafet spin scattering mechanism dominates, we estimate a spin diffusion length <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.3</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>15</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where the W resistivity <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>W</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is strongly dependent on thickness. Structural characterization, together with room-temperature electrical resistivity measurements and the high spin-to-charge conversion efficiency observed, confirms the stabilization of the β -phase in these ultrathin W layers. We demonstrate that the monotonic increase of the inverse SHE voltage with decreasing W thickness persists down to 2-nm-thick W layer, reflecting the extremely short spin diffusion length. This allows for efficient spin-current detection in W layers below 5 nm, effectively doubling the voltage output at half the thickness. In the thinnest sample, a continuous 2-nm-thick W layer, the generated voltage exceeds 0.5 mV—well within the operating range of conventional electronics. These findings demonstrate not only the feasibility of spin-current detection in ultrathin W, but also its compatibility with conventional electronics. They highlight the strong potential of integrating ultrathin W layers with high-quality YIG films for the development of energy-efficient spintronic devices and sensors.
Authors
- Soraya Sangiao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4123-487X)
- J. M. De Teresa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-0738)
- José Ignacio Morales-Aragones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-9357)
- Inge Groen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2933-033X)
- Fèlix Casanova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-2163)
- Carlos Sánchez-Azqueta
- Luis E Hueso
- Jose A. Ángel Pardo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0111-8284)
Institutions
- Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
- CIC nanoGUNE (ES)
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (ES)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Physics D Applied Physics
- Published
- 2026-04-10
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ae5dde
- Primary Topic
- Magnetic properties of thin films
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- Gobierno de Aragón
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación