A versatile, positive-going voltage indicator that enables accessible two-photon recordings in vivo
in awake mice, and displays repolarization kinetics that are tuned for reliable spike detection at sub‑kilohertz frame rates. As a result, FORCE1s supports spike‑resolved multi‑cell recordings on standard resonant-scanning microscopes, and further scales to larger fields of view and neuron counts on advanced modalities. FORCE1s also enables multiplexed voltage-neurotransmitter imaging and extended recordings in freely moving mice using a compact, affordable MEMS‑based 2P miniscope. Together, these advances establish FORCE1s as a community‑ready tool that democratizes deep‑tissue voltage imaging across platforms and experimental contexts.
Authors
- Jonathan Bradley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6933-1153)
- Weijian Zong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-4335)
- Xiaoyu Lu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-1427)
- François St-Pierre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8618-4135)
- Beatriz Campillo
- Ryan G. Natan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-4833)
- Anastasia V. Mamontova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-6350)
- H. Liu
- Robert Law (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-3871)
- Mario Galdamez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-4823)
- Matthew Shorey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5105-4127)
- Jacob Reimer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4364-8846)
- Vincent Villette
- Ryan Kroeger
- Mario Fernández de la Puebla
- Jun Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-4210)
- Xiaoyu Dong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0678-4056)
- S. Q. Yang
- Daniela Gaspar Santos
- S. Lai
- Laurent Bourdieu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0195-8758)
- Tanmayee Torne-Srivastava
- Ming Hu
- Michelle Ann Land
- Alberto Lombardini
- Hala Abdallah
- Annick Ayon
- Benjamin Mathieu
- Noura Hakam
- Alex James McDonald
- Na Ji
- Raegan Banks
- Hongyi Yuan
- Gregory Foran
- Yu-Yau York Shan
Institutions
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- École Normale Supérieure (BI)
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience (NO)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Published
- 2026-04-10
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.04.07.717088
- Primary Topic
- Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- McGovern Medical School
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Norges Forskningsråd
- National Institutes of Health
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center