The Invisible Burden: A Mixed-Methods Study of Stigma, Social Exclusion, and Depression in Children with Intellectual Disability in Northern Nigeria

Objectives: To investigate the role of stigma and social exclusion as determinants of depressive disorder among children with intellectual disability in Northern Nigeria using a mixed-methods approach. Material and Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods study was conducted among 87 children with intellectual disability aged 6–18 years at a special education school in Sokoto, Nigeria. Depression was diagnosed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADSPL). Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with caregivers and teachers and through ethnographic observations. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. Results: The prevalence of depression among participants was 19.5% (17/87). Qualitative findings identified three major themes: religious stigma, social isolation, and hopelessness about the future. These experiences were strongly linked to depressive symptoms among affected children. Conclusion: Stigma and social exclusion significantly contribute to depression among children with intellectual disability in Northern Nigeria. Multi-level interventions targeting families, communities, and policy frameworks are required to reduce stigma and promote social inclusion.