Chromodomain Helicase DNA–Binding Proteins and Spermatogenesis: Current Advances

BACKGROUND: Male infertility is a prevalent clinical condition, with approximately one-third of cases classified as idiopathic, frequently stemming from impaired spermatogenesis because of dysregulated gene expression. Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins are central chromatin remodelers that orchestrate this epigenetic regulation. For instance, smoking-induced hypermethylation of the CHD5 gene promoter is associated with impaired semen parameters. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to summarize the roles and mechanisms of CHD proteins in spermatogenesis, explore their relationship with male infertility, and discuss their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to synthesize current findings on the expression and function of CHD proteins across different stages of spermatogenesis. RESULTS: Research has shown that CHD proteins are expressed in the testis and play crucial roles in multiple stages of spermatogenesis, from spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) maintenance to spermatid maturation, making them promising targets for understanding and treating male infertility. CONCLUSION: CHD proteins represent important epigenetic regulators in spermatogenesis and may serve as valuable biomarkers or therapeutic targets for male infertility.