Postoperative Pain Management After Lumbar Discectomy. A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analyses and Trial Sequential Analyses

BACKGROUND: Inadequate postoperative pain management after lumbar discectomy may delay recovery, increase the risk of chronic pain, and prolong hospitalization. Effective analgesic strategies must balance pain control with minimal adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: To identify the most effective postoperative analgesic interventions for patients undergoing lumbar discectomy. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT: This systematic review was preregistered in PROSPERO and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials were identified through systematic searches in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The primary outcome was opioid consumption within 24 h postoperatively. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan, with Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) to adjust for random errors. Risk of bias was assessed using ROB2, and certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADE. RESULTS: A total of 76 RCTs comprising 5617 participants were included, covering 11 analgesic strategies. Paracetamol, NSAIDs, epidural and intrathecal anaesthetics, local infiltration, nerve blocks, gabapentin, and pregabalin significantly reduced 24-h opioid consumption. Several interventions-including paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, ketamine, epidural and intrathecal anaesthetics, local anaesthetics, nerve blocks, gabapentin, and pregabalin-were also associated with lower pain scores at 6 and 24 h. However, evidence certainty ranged from low to very low due to methodological limitations, small sample sizes, heterogeneity, and inconsistent baseline analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple analgesic strategies show potential for reducing opioid use and improving early postoperative pain control after lumbar discectomy. Nevertheless, the low certainty of evidence highlights the urgent need for high-quality, standardized trials to inform clinical practice. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings demonstrate that the following analgesics significantly reduce supplemental opioid consumption and pain levels in the immediate postoperative period: PCM, NSAIDs, intrathecal anaesthetics, epidural anaesthetics, LIA/wound infiltration, nerve blockade, gabapentin, and pregabalin. However, the high risk of bias and low quality of evidence in many of the included trials necessitate cautious interpretation of the findings.