Current Evidence and Clinical Implications of Full-Endoscopic Spine Surgery for Post-Vertebroplasty Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Comprehensive Review

transforaminal or interlaminar approaches. Most patients experienced pain relief and neurological improvement with low perioperative morbidity rates. Endoscopic exploration under local anesthesia may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool to identify and localize neural compression that remains ill-defined on preoperative imaging. Given the limited and heterogeneous nature of the current evidence, conclusions regarding the safety and effectiveness of FESS should be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, FESS might serve as a feasible diagnostic and therapeutic option when conventional imaging modalities fail to identify the pain generator.