Biological activity of Trachystemon orientalis extracts against Sitophilus oryzae and Oryzaephilus surinamensis

g dm), whereas the ES extract was richer in o- and p-salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid. Orientation assays conducted at four concentrations (62.5-500 ppm) revealed time- and concentration-dependent changes in the distribution of adults between treated and control compartments. After 120 h, the presence of O. surinamensis at the GS 500 ppm site decreased to 44% (G = 36, p ≤ 0.05), while S. oryzae presence dropped to 33% (G = 31.4, p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, higher concentrations of the GS extract significantly reduced F1 adult emergence for both pests (p < 0.05, Two-Way ANOVA). These findings suggest that T. orientalis extracts, particularly GS, represent promising environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides for the management of stored product pests. The efficacy of these extracts is closely associated with their higher phenolic content and specific bioactive compounds.