Unveiling the Healing Potential of <i>Marsilea minuta</i> Linn. (Sunishannaka): An Integrative Overview of Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Value, and Toxicological Aspects

Marsilea minuta L., commonly known as Sunishannaka in Ayurvedic medicine, is an aquatic fern traditionally used for the management of various neurological and inflammatory disorders. The present review provides a comprehensive and integrative assessment of the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and traditional medicinal applications of M. minuta, with particular emphasis on its therapeutic relevance in contemporary herbal medicine. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of diverse bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and fatty acids, which are believed to contribute to its broad spectrum of biological activities. Experimental studies have demonstrated several pharmacological effects of M. minuta, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, analgesic, neuroprotective, antidepressant, and antidiabetic activities in various preclinical models. In traditional Ayurvedic practice, the plant has been widely employed in the management of neurological conditions such as epilepsy and insomnia, supporting its potential role in neuropharmacological applications. Although current pharmacological findings are promising, most available evidence is derived from experimental studies, and further investigations are required to validate its clinical efficacy. Comprehensive toxicological assessments, pharmacokinetic studies, and well-designed clinical trials are therefore necessary to establish the safety profile and therapeutic potential of M. minuta. Overall, this review integrates traditional knowledge with modern scientific evidence and highlights the potential of M. minuta as a promising source of bioactive compounds for the development of plant-based therapeutics.