The regulatory effects of solid-state fermented Rosa roxburghii Tratt. pomace on serum metabolism and intestinal microbiota in rats

, and this was accompanied by a higher fecal butyrate level. Serum metabolomics further revealed distinct metabolic alterations in the F-RRTP group, including changes in flavonoid-related metabolites, tryptophan metabolites such as serotonin and indole-3-lactic acid, and several metabolites associated with antioxidant status. It suggested coordinated associations among gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and host physiological indices, implying that fermentation-induced changes in pomace properties may contribute to the observed effects. Collectively, these findings indicate that SSF may enhance the functional potential of RRTP and support its further development as a value-added food or feed ingredient with potential metabolic health benefits.