Determination of atmospheric intermediate volatility organic compounds with thermal desorption-flow modulator comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography- time-of-flight mass spectrometry

. Of these， mass concentrations of 853 individual species identified by the present method comprised 96.2% of total IVOCs. Consequently，the newly developed method improved the identification rate for UCM. Importantly， the newly speciated aromatics， chlorinated IVOCs， and oxygenated IVOCs exhibited different emission sources distinct from those routinely monitored compounds. Therefore， this study established a reliable method for determining atmospheric IVOCs， offering strong data support for precise source apportionment of complex IVOCs in the atmosphere. Additionally， this method can be used to monitor IVOCs across various environmental metrics， thereby providing essential data to support the management and control of these compounds.