Phylogenomics and morphology reveal a new species of <i>Anthurium</i> (Araceae) endemic to the Caatinga Domain in Brazil

Abstract The Caatinga is an exclusively Brazilian phytogeographic domain characterized by xerophytic vegetation, high biodiversity, and remarkable levels of endemism. Despite its ecological importance, this region remains understudied, particularly in terms of its floristic diversity. In this study, we describe Anthurium giuliettiae , a new species endemic to the Caatinga, using an approach that combines taxonomy, detailed morphological evaluations, and phylogenomic data generated through Hyb‐Seq target enrichment using the Angiosperms353 nuclear probe set. Our phylogenomic analyses place A. giuliettiae within a well‐supported lineage alongside A. affine and A. pluricarinatum , corroborating their morphological distinction and elucidating their evolutionary relationships. Phylogenomics establishes the phylogenetic positioning of the new species, but did not serve as the primary tool for its delimitation, which was based mainly on morpho‐taxonomic evidence. Anthurium giuliettiae exhibits unique morphological traits, particularly a petiole 3–4‐ribbed abaxially, leaf blade margin slightly undulate, spathe greenish to purplish, stipe 0.2–1.5 cm long, spadix green to purple at anthesis, 2.4–9 cm long. This study highlights the significance of the Caatinga as a biodiversity hotspot, underscoring the need for further scientific investigation of its unique flora. As the region faces increasing threats from deforestation, land conversion, and climate change, taxonomic and phylogenomic studies play a crucial role in uncovering hidden biodiversity and informing conservation strategies. The discovery of A. giuliettiae expands our understanding of genus diversity in the Neotropics, highlighting the importance of preserving the Caatinga and promoting research in poorly explored phytogeographic domains.