Bioprinting of in vitro models for personalized therapeutic delivery

Personalized therapeutic delivery aims to match the type, dose, timing, and localisation of treatment to each patient’s unique biological profile, requiring platforms that can model individual responses and precisely control how therapeutics are released. Achieving this precision is challenging because conventional 2D cultures and animal models fail to reproduce the 3D architecture and microenvironmental cues that shape drug, gene, and growth-factor dynamics in human tissues. Bioprinted in vitro models address these limitations by enabling the spatially defined assembly of cells, hydrogels, and bioactive components into physiologically relevant constructs. This review examines how bioprinting is advancing personalized therapeutic delivery, focusing on how bioink chemistry, construct architecture, and matrix mechanics influence transport behavior, release kinetics, and overall therapeutic performance. We highlight bioprinted liver, cardiac, and tumor models as predictive testbeds for evaluating patient-specific responses, and discuss advanced delivery strategies, including in situ bioprinting and 4D adaptive systems. Together, these developments position bioprinted in vitro platforms as integrated tools for designing, testing, and optimizing personalized therapeutic interventions within the broader framework of personalized medicine.