A novel framework for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dose–effect assessment: A case study of benzo[a]pyrene

) represent refined reference values applicable to human health risk assessment. Furthermore, when validated against 13 occupational epidemiological endpoints, our predictions demonstrated an overall predictive accuracy of 92.31% and a sensitivity of 100% in identifying true human health hazards. This study provides a reproducible and transferable framework for pollutant toxicity assessment and underscores the need for standardized, sex-specific approaches to ensure scientific validity in environmental health risk evaluation.