Oncolytic Viruses for the Elimination of Tumor Cells: Mechanisms of Action, Selectivity and Therapeutic Applications

Cancer is one of the most devastating illnesses afflicting humanity, having claimed the lives of 9.7 million people worldwide. Its definition comprises abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth that physiologically creates an invasive and destructive environment and has the capacity to migrate and spread throughout the body. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery have been relatively effective and generally more accessible. Nonetheless, they often fail to achieve the desired results, given their susceptibility to tumor evasion mechanisms that prevent immune cell localization, activation, and action, and protect against cytotoxicity. Because of this scenario, biotechnology has provided more specialized and personalized options. One of these tools is oncolytic viruses, which can be found naturally in the environment and can be genetically modified to enhance their specificity and efficacy in destroying tumor cells and stimulating the immune system to act synergistically in eliminating the cancer. Evidence from clinical trials found during this bibliographic research demonstrates their applicability as monotherapy and in combination with other therapies, with improvements in tumor response, reduced systemic adverse effects, and prolonged survival. However, it is recommended to continue promoting these studies to ensure safe and effective employment in patients.