Pediatric Pes Planovalgus and Femoral Antetorsion: Understanding a Biomechanical Unit: A Narrative Review of the Proximal-to-Distal Kinetic Chain in Childhood Flatfoot

Femoral antetorsion and pes planovalgus are strongly associated in preschool children, though whether this represents a direct mechanistic cascade or parallel manifestations of common developmental factors remains uncertain. This understanding supports watchful waiting in preschool children and, in persistent cases, prioritizes the assessment of the entire rotational profile before intervention.