Development of a coordination polymer/agarose hydrogel-based nanoprobe for thiopental determination in exhaled breath condensate

. When the hydrogel nanocomposite-based probe was used for five replicated measurements of thiopental, it produced relative standard deviations of 2.1% for intra-day and 3.9% for inter-day analyses. Its applicability to EBC samples suggested potential value for anesthetic monitoring and clinical toxicology. As the first report employing a Tb-PDCA/agarose hydrogel for thiopental analysis, this work provided a foundation for further investigations aimed at improving sensitivity, evaluating selectivity in complex clinical matrices, and validating performance in larger patient populations.