Comprehensive evaluation of enrofloxacin removal and toxicokinetic dynamics in Typha latifolia L.: Uptake, bioaccumulation, elimination, biotransformation, and plant responses

= 2.01 ± 0.69 to 168.51 ± 27.11 L/kg). At the experimental pH (5.5), ENRO occurred mainly as zwitterionic and cationic species. Electrostatic attraction to negatively charged functional groups at the root surface likely enhanced outer-layer retention, restricted symplastic diffusion, and limited shoot translocation, mechanistically explaining the preferential root accumulation and slow upward mobility observed. Biotransformation to CIPRO occurred primarily in roots, and kinetic modeling confirmed significant transformation dynamics in leaves, supporting both in situ formation and translocation processes. Overall, T. latifolia exhibited high tolerance and strong phytoremediation capacity for ENRO. This study provides a quantitative and mechanistic framework for the toxicokinetics of ENRO, including uptake, accumulation, elimination, and biotransformation, in T. latifolia, supporting its application in mitigating veterinary antibiotic contamination.