Rewiring Micro-Food Webs: How Copper Nanopesticides Can Reshape Nitrogen Fluxes via Trophic Decoupling

O emissions, while reducing soil N supply capacity by 36.1% compared to the control. Conversely, low-dose CuO NPs maintained N turnover through reinforced bacterial-protist-fungal connectivity. Our findings establish that microfood web restructuring (not merely microbial toxicity) determines NP effects on biogeochemical cycles. This underscores the imperative to incorporate trophic interactions into nanomaterial risk assessments for accurate prediction of agroecosystem functions.