Optimizing the Functional and Safety Properties of a Marine Allergen: Maillard-Induced Conjugation of Chitosan and Saccharides Attenuates the Allergenicity of Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Parvalbumin

< 0.05), sugar-dependent reductions in IgE-binding capacity, with reductions of up to approximately 72% for CXTPV. RBL-2H3 cell assays showed decreased β-hexosaminidase release (about 75% reduction), lowered IL-6 secretion, and strong inhibition of IL-4 production, indicating reduced allergenic potential and immune regulation. CXTPV demonstrated the best overall performance. These findings suggest that CS-saccharide Maillard conjugation is an effective approach for creating hypoallergenic marine ingredients with improved bioactive properties.