Construction of Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Pine-Needle-Like Ce–Ni Metal–Organic Frameworks for High-Efficiency Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

species. This synergy is further evidenced by a reduced charge-transfer resistance, an increased electrochemical surface area, and optimized adsorption of reaction intermediates. The results highlight the effectiveness of combined bimetallic and dual-ligand design supported on a conductive substrate in MOF-based electrocatalysts for improved OER performance.