Digital dating abuse: a Grounded Theory study

Introduction Over the past decade, research on digital dating abuse (DDA) has expanded considerably, resulting in the development of multiple constructs and measurement instruments. Despite this progress, a key theoretical question remains unresolved: how should the behavioral multidimensionality of DDA be conceptualized? Moreover, little research has examined how DDA manifests in long-distance romantic relationships, where partners rely almost exclusively on information and communication technologies to interact and maintain their relationship. Methods In response to calls for more in-depth qualitative inquiry, we employed a constructivist Grounded Theory approach to develop a model accounting for the behavioral multidimensionality of DDA. Specifically, we collected and analyzed 1434 online posts published in Reddit (r/LongDistance) between January 2021 and June 2022, in which individuals described their experiences as perpetrators and/or victims of DDA. Results Findings indicate that DDA can be conceptualized as a multidimensional behavioral phenomenon encompassing two overarching dimensions: covert DDA and overt DDA. Covert DDA includes behaviors such as major changes in communication, deception, and passive control, which may be normalized within romantic relationships yet can function as precursors to more explicit forms of abuse. Overt DDA encompasses active control, hostility, and sexual coercion. The analysis revealed a continuum between covert and overt forms of DDA. Discussion This study contributes to the literature by extending conceptualizations of DDA to the context of LDRRs and by emphasizing the analytical and clinical relevance of covert abusive behaviors.