Urban design leadership: part 3, through a single national lens

Abstract This paper forms a third part in what becomes a trilogy of papers examining leadership in urban design as a dimension of urban design governance. Part 1 proposed a theoretical framework through which to explore leadership in urban design. Part 2 applied it to the varied practices of public architects across different countries in Europe. This third part takes a single national lens, the case of Indonesia, and examines how fundamentally different forms of urban design leadership exist concurrently in a nation-state of the Global South. In so doing, it finds a varied and complex sequence of leadership styles encompassing all seven types of leadership included in the earlier framework. These are further differentiated by their approaches to the essential integrative functions of urban design. The extremes that often typify the urban environment of the Global South result in a wider variation in urban design leadership types, just as they do urbanistic outcomes (i) fortress, (ii) survival, (iii) emblematic, and (iv) revitalized city.