Delivering Walkable Neighbourhoods? A Critical Examination of Five New Urban Extensions/Emerging New Towns in England

Walkability has reemerged as a central interest within planning, public health, and built environment research, yet evidence demonstrates that new urban extensions or emerging New Towns across England continue to reproduce conditions of car dependency and limited active travel options. This paper examines the structural, spatial, and sociocultural factors shaping walkability through an in-depth analysis of five residential case studies. It draws on spatial analysis and assessment of resident behaviour using sociodemographic data. Findings indicate significant disparities in walkability outcomes, with some developments characterised by fragmented layouts, weak public transport integration, and environments that make walking impractical or undesirable. The paper argues that walkability must be understood as a multidimensional, relational property of place, rather than a static design feature. The current dominant planning practices continue to prioritise vehicular access and associated infrastructure, undermining national goals for decarbonisation, health equity, and sustainable mobility. Thus, this study identifies the spatial, governance, and policy conditions necessary to deliver genuinely walkable neighbourhoods and highlights the systemic barriers that continue to constrain progress. The findings offer critical insights for planners, policymakers, and developers seeking to create environments that support healthier, more equitable, and less car dependent futures.