Projections, Furstenberg sets, and the ๐ด๐ต๐ถ sum-product problem

We make progress on two interrelated problems at the intersection of geometric measure theory, additive combinatorics and harmonic analysis: the discretised sum-product problem, and the dimension of Furstenberg sets. Along the way, we obtain new information on the dimension of exceptional sets of orthogonal projections. First, we give a new proof of the following asymmetric sum-product theorem: Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper A comma upper B comma upper C subset-of double-struck upper R"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo> โŠ‚ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A,B,C \subset \mathbb {R}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be Borel sets with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0 greater-than dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper B less-than-or-equal-to dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper A greater-than 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo> โ‰ค </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0 &gt; {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} B \leq {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} A &gt; 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper B plus dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper C greater-than dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} B + {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} C &gt; {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} A</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Then, there exists <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="c element-of upper C"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo> โˆˆ </mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c \in C</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> such that <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline left-parenthesis upper A plus c upper B right-parenthesis greater-than dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper A period"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} (A + cB) &gt; {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} A. \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> We use this to show that every <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis s comma t right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>

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Publication Details

Journal
Journal of the American Mathematical Society
Published
2026-04-07
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/jams/1073
Primary Topic
Point processes and geometric inequalities
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Projections, Furstenberg sets, and the ๐ด๐ต๐ถ sum-product problem

Pablo Shmerkin, Tuomas Orponen
Journal of the American Mathematical Society
Point processes and geometric inequalities
article

Projections, Furstenberg sets, and the ๐ด๐ต๐ถ sum-product problem

Pablo Shmerkin, Tuomas Orponen
article en

Abstract

We make progress on two interrelated problems at the intersection of geometric measure theory, additive combinatorics and harmonic analysis: the discretised sum-product problem, and the dimension of Furstenberg sets. Along the way, we obtain new information on the dimension of exceptional sets of orthogonal projections. First, we give a new proof of the following asymmetric sum-product theorem: Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper A comma upper B comma upper C subset-of double-struck upper R"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo> โŠ‚ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A,B,C \subset \mathbb {R}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be Borel sets with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0 greater-than dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper B less-than-or-equal-to dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper A greater-than 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo> โ‰ค </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0 &gt; {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} B \leq {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} A &gt; 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper B plus dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper C greater-than dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} B + {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} C &gt; {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} A</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Then, there exists <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="c element-of upper C"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo> โˆˆ </mml:mo> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c \in C</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> such that <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline left-parenthesis upper A plus c upper B right-parenthesis greater-than dimension Subscript normal upper H Baseline upper A period"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>dim</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} (A + cB) &gt; {\dim _{\mathrm {H}}} A. \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> We use this to show that every <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis s comma t right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>

Journal of the American Mathematical SocietyVol. 39(3)
Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Openalex Percentile: Top 6%
Point processes and geometric inequalities
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