The Role of Estradiol in Oxidative Stress in Health and Cystathionine ß‐Synthase Deficiency: A Mechanistic Model

), a key ROS, that explicitly incorporates estradiol and progesterone regulation of key enzymes. Using this model, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying females' lower oxidative stress and provide an explanation for the seemingly contradictory clinical observations at both steady state and during the menstrual cycle. We further apply the model to examine sex differences in cystathionine β-synthase deficiency, explaining the attenuation of sex differences in key metabolites in the pathway. By connecting clinical observations with mathematical modeling, this work provides insights into the underlying mechanisms and paves the way for sex- and menopausal status-specific approaches in medicine and drug development.