Porcine reproductive physiology

The objective of this review is to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the physiological processes that govern porcine reproduction and their interactions with key metabolic and hormonal factors. It addresses gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis), the estrous cycle, folliculogenesis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, as well as critical fertilization events such as sperm capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fertilization itself. Embryogenesis and gestation are also examined, with emphasis on underlying biochemical and hormonal mechanisms. Special attention is given to metabolic analytes—glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol—and their influence on the synthesis and regulation of reproductive hormones including estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone. The review focuses on physiological and biochemical aspects specific to domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), offering a targeted analysis relevant to both livestock production and biomedical research. The integration of metabolic and endocrine perspectives enhances our understanding of how nutrient availability, energy balance, and environmental stress affect reproductive efficiency. Key findings highlight the central role of the HPG axis in coordinating gonadotropin release and steroidogenesis, the impact of metabolic homeostasis on gamete quality and embryo viability, and the importance of hormonal feedback in regulating the reproductive cycle. Practical applications such as estrus synchronization and artificial insemination are discussed in light of these physiological insights. In conclusion, porcine reproductive physiology is shaped by a complex interplay of hormonal and metabolic factors that determine fertility and gestational success. Despite recent advances, further research is needed to better understand metabolic–hormonal crosstalk, particularly during gestation, and to enhance outcomes in both agricultural and biomedical contexts.