An Integrated Approach to Mountain Road Planning Based on <scp>GIS</scp> and Fuzzy Mathematics: Method and Application

ABSTRACT To address the uncertainty and fuzziness arising from multi‐factor interactions in mountainous road planning, this study develops an integrated framework that combines GIS‐based spatial analysis with fuzzy mathematical decision‐making. The proposed framework enables the integrated analysis of multi‐source spatial information and the quantitative representation of uncertain factors. The framework was applied to a typical mountainous road planning case in northwestern China to evaluate its practical applicability. The results demonstrate that the method can effectively identify optimal route alignments by jointly considering topographic conditions and landslide susceptibility, thereby achieving a balance between engineering feasibility and environmental suitability.