Efficient whole-cell biotransformation for gastrodin production via glycosyltransferase engineering and process optimization

gene. Under optimized conditions, the engineered strain achieved a gastrodin titer of 79.9 mM (equivalent to 22.9 g/L) in a 1 L fermenter within 12 h, corresponding to a space-time productivity of 1.9 g/L/h. This work provides a sustainable and scalable biomanufacturing approach for the production of plant-derived phenolic glycosides.