Synthesis, Bioactivity and Molecular Modeling Studies on Benzimidazole Derivatives and Its Isosteres as Potent <scp>AChE</scp> / <scp>BChE</scp> and <scp>GSK3β</scp> Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease

values, were further examined for their effects on glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β), an enzyme whose activity has been reported to be increased in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The inhibition of GSK3β was assessed by measuring phosphorylated GSK3β (pGSK3β, Ser9) protein expression via Western Blot analysis under oxidative stress conditions. Among the tested compounds, 1l, 2b, 2j, and 3l significantly increased pGSK3β (Ser9) protein levels compared to cells treated with tideglusib, a known GSK3β inhibitor.