Physiological responses of individuals with idiopathic chilblains during cold exposure and rewarming: a nonrandomized clinical trial

This is the first study to investigate the vascular and oxygenation responses to cold and rewarming conditions in otherwise healthy adults with a history of idiopathic chilblains. By combining controlled environmental exposure with thermophysiological assessment, the study identifies a hyperconstrictive-hypoxic microvascular phenotype. Future work should explore the role of adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and rewarming kinetics as potential modulators of vascular stress and therapeutic targets for preventing nonfreezing cold injuries.