Image quality metric parameter for holographic modal wavefront sensing

In this Letter, we introduce a novel, to the best of our knowledge, image quality metric parameter (QMP) derived from the spatial intensity distribution co-occurrence matrix for an improved holographic modal wavefront sensing (HMWS). The proposed QMP overcomes a number of serious limitations associated with the conventional approach, including reliance on the location of the focal point spread function, detector aperture diameter, and biased values. The viability and significance of the proposed QMP are amply proved by the simulation and experimental results, which are obtained both with the standard HMWS approach and with the convolutional neural network.