From Innovation to Acceptance: Social Determinants Shaping Hydrogen Technology Development—Evidence from Poland

The dynamic transformation of global energy systems has intensified the search for low-emission energy carriers capable of supporting sustainable development. Hydrogen is increasingly considered a promising fuel of the clean energy future within the framework of long-term strategies due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the transport sector and chemical, heavy metals industries. The aim of this article was to present knowledge regarding the use of hydrogen as a fuel of the future from a social perspective, with particular emphasis on public awareness, attitudes, perceived barriers, and development opportunities. The research was based on a literature review and a quantitative survey. The results indicate that although the level of detailed knowledge about hydrogen technologies remains limited, public attitudes toward hydrogen are generally positive. Respondents associate hydrogen primarily with environmental benefits, but express concerns related to safety, high costs, and insufficient infrastructure. A SWOT analysis was conducted to systematize the findings and identify key social factors influencing the development potential of hydrogen technologies. The future implementation of hydrogen energy technologies depends not only on technological and economic progress but also on education, trust-building, and infrastructure expansion.