Photovoltaic solar energy generation and transmission in Uganda: A review

This study examines Uganda's photovoltaic solar power generation and transmission situation in order to evaluate technical performance, capacity installation, economic viability, and environmental benefits. Solar energy is consistently underutilized in Uganda's energy mix despite the country's equatorial location and high solar irradiation of 5.1 to 6.5 kWh/m 2 /day. The study uses a methodical review method based on peer-reviewed literature, national energy reports, mathematical generation and transmission models, and policy documents that evaluate photovoltaic (PV) capacity trends, transmission losses, investment significance, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and CO 2 emission reductions. Consequently, the findings show Uganda's installed grid-connected solar capacity increased from 51.8 MW in 2019 to 88.4 MW in 2024. Kabulasoke (20 MW), Soroti (10 MW), Tororo (10 MW), Mayuge (10 MW), and Busitema (4 MW) are major installations that are mainly found in high-irradiance eastern and central regions that border eastern Uganda. These systems help cover loads in both off-grid and grid-connected areas, but they are limited by transmission inefficiencies, which are mostly caused by ohmic and corona losses and aging 132 kV lines. As climate change costs from CO 2 emissions are included in LCOE analysis, PV systems become more competitive due to economic assessment, and installing solar panels offers quantified carbon emission reductions as compared to biomass-based hydropower generation. The study's conclusions suggest that Uganda has substantial technological and economical potential for the expansion of solar power; nevertheless, economic gaps, a lack of energy storage facilities, and transmission challenges limit optimal performance. The implementation of hybrid PV-storage systems, the strengthening of transmission infrastructure, and the introduction of certain regulatory incentives are all essential for improving energy security, minimizing emissions, and promoting sustainable development.