Breaking the glass ceiling: a multisource perspective on empowering female leadership in the Ningxia wine region of China

Purpose This study aims to explore factors influencing the career advancement of women in the Ningxia wine region of China from multiple perspectives, including those of female leaders, female subordinates and their male counterparts. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative approach, this study conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 44 participants across three groups from Ningxia wine industry. Findings The findings show that gendered processes continue to hinder women’s career progression, while also identifying key facilitators that promote women’s career advancement. Notably, the findings reveal significant disparities in perceptions of gender discrimination across different groups. Female leaders and female subordinates frequently reported experiencing interpersonal level discrimination, such as challenges in communication and collaboration with male colleagues. In contrast, male participants emphasized broader social level issues, including male dominance within industry power structures. In addition, by comparing the experiences of female leaders and female subordinates, the study reveals differences in their awareness of available support and recognition of leadership potential. Research limitations/implications This study identifies barriers and facilitators of women’s career advancement in wine industry, reveals perceptual gaps across groups, extends Acker’s framework with social-level and Ningxia-specific factors, and offers actionable recommendations for firms and government. Originality/value This study provides new insights into the facilitators of and barriers to women’s career advancement. The findings support Acker’s theory and extend the framework by incorporating social level factors, highlighting the unique regional and industrial characteristics of the Ningxia wine region, thereby contributing to broader discussions of gender equity and inclusion in traditionally male-dominated industries.