Unveiling the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-hemolytic activities of Raphanus sativus leaves through in-vitro and in-silico studies

values ​​ranging from 31.56 to 51.15 µg/mL for α-amylase and 28.4 to 49.65 µg/mL for α-glucosidase. Molecular docking analysis was performed to support the in-vitro antidiabetic activity. Rosmarinic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids were found to bind to α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. For anti-inflammatory activity, inhibition of albumin protein denaturation was investigated, and the highest activity was found in the chloroform fraction (72.6%). To confirm protein denaturation inhibitory activity, the spectroscopic interactions of the main compounds, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, were investigated. It was observed that as the proportion of rosmarinic acid increased (from 1:1 to 1:4), the absorbance decreased across all wavelengths. In the anti-hemolytic activity test, the chloroform fraction showed the highest effectiveness against 2,2'-Azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride-induced erythrocyte hemolysis with 69.35% protection at 100 µg/mL. Overall, the results indicate that R. sativus leaves possess potent antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antihemolytic properties, making them an important natural resource with potential for the development of functional foods or pharmaceutical products.